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11/03/2014 - GOVERNMENT PAPER REFERS TO FINANCIAL REPRESSION AS THE “LIQUIDATION TAX”

(NBER #16893 – Page 35)

“THE LIQUIDATION OF GOVERNMENT DEBT”

“The saving (or “revenue”) to the government or the “liquidation effect” or the “financial repression tax” is the real (negative) interest rate times the “tax base,” which is the stock of domestic government debt outstanding.”

Working Paper 16893, National Science Foundation Grant No. 0849224

ESTIMATE 3-4% of US GDP Y-o-Y

“Such annual deficit reduction quickly accumulates (even without any compounding) to a 30-40 percent of GDP debt reduction in the course of a decade”

“Historically, periods of high indebtedness have been associated with a rising incidence of default or restructuring of public and private debts. A subtle type of debt restructuring takes the form of “financial repression.” Financial repression includes:

  1. Directed lending to government by captive domestic audiences (such as pension funds),
  2. Explicit or implicit caps on interest rates,
  3. Regulation of cross-border capital movements, and (generally)
  4. A tighter connection between government and banks.

“In the heavily regulated financial markets of the Bretton Woods system, several restrictions facilitated a sharp and rapid reduction in public debt/GDP ratios from the late 1940s to the 1970s. Low nominal interest rates help reduce debt servicing costs while a high incidence of negative real interest rates liquidates or erodes the real value of government debt. Thus, financial repression is most successful in liquidating debts when accompanied by a steady dose of inflation. Inflation need not take market participants entirely by surprise and, in effect, it need not be very high (by historic standards). For the advanced economies in our sample, real interest rates were negative roughly ½ of the time during 1945-1980. For the United States and the United Kingdom our estimates of the annual liquidation of debt via negative real interest rates amounted on average from 3 to 4 percent of GDP a year.

Carmen M. Reinhart
Peterson Institute for International Economics
1750 Massachusetts Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20036-1903
and NBER
creinhart@piie.com
M. Belen Sbrancia
University of Maryland
College Park, MD
Sbrancia@econ.umd.edu

Disclaimer: The views or opinions expressed in this blog post may or may not be representative of the views or opinions of the Financial Repression Authority.


11/02/2014 - Inflation – Deflation Tug of War Deflation: Market Forces Inflation: State-Sanctioned Inflationism & Financial Repression

“The markets want deflation, and they want the world’s unsustainable debt pile to be reduced. There are three ways to reduce the debt pile. One is to engineer sufficient economic growth (no longer feasible, in our view) to service the debt. The second is to default (which, in a debt-based monetary system, amounts to Armageddon). The third: explicit, state-sanctioned inflationism, and financial repression. The reason why markets have become so volatile is that from day to day, deflationary and inflationary forces are duking it out, and neither side has yet been convincingly victorious. Who ultimately wins? We think we know the answer, but the outcome will likely be a function of politics as much as investment forces.”

– Tim Price

LINK HERE to the source article

Disclaimer: The views or opinions expressed in this blog post may or may not be representative of the views or opinions of the Financial Repression Authority.


11/02/2014 - Now the Swedish Central Bank Lowers Interest Rates to 0% – Financial Repression is the Government’s Solution

“The RIKSBANK strikes again! This is the most important story of the day. The Swedish Central Bank lowered its lending rate to ZERO in an effort to halt a slide into deflation .. Deflation is a very dangerous economic outcome for a country with a large public and private debt load. It is why I keep discussing the impact of 1937 on the work of Ben Bernanke and why he obsessed about removing FED stimulus until he was sure of price stability, meaning inflation of 2 percent .. Riksbank Governor admitted that depreciating the Swedish kroner was one of the tools in the central bank’s arsenal .. the Riksbank has made efforts to weaken the currency. This is a problem for ECB President Draghi as he comes under increasing pressure from France and Italy to enact policies to depreciate the EURO. Mario Draghi’s job is now more difficult as he sees his neighbors weaken their currency to prevent deflation, just as the tide of deflationary fears washes up on the ECB‘s shore .. But the job of the Yellen Fed became easier as global deflationary fears will keep the Fed steady as it goes. More importantly, for the world financial system the G20 agreement of not entertaining policies aimed at weakening a nation’s currency is now officially dead. The global financial system is now in a full-blown war against deflation. Damn the printing presses, debt restructurings, currency devaluations and full speed ahead. I wonder if Sweden will get a Nobel Peace Prize for its efforts. The global equity markets comprehend that deflation is the common enemy. What new policies await the markets? Is this what Joseph Schumpeter meant by CREATIVE DESTRUCTION?”

– Yra Harris

“The Swedish Riksbank (central bank) has cut its key interest rate to zero percent. With this quantitative easing monetary policy the central bank is desperately trying to stimulate borrowing to fight deflation .. How can dropping the interest rate from 0.25% to 0% make ANY difference? They will wipe out any savings for the elderly causing them to spend nothing if not seek employment driving unemployment higher. This is how brain-dead government operates when you NEVER consider yourself in the equation and the problem is always the people who have to be manipulated .. When the economy turns down in the USA, look out below. We are facing one of the most dramatic deflationary waves perhaps in history. This is the price of a collapse in socialism. We are going through the same collapse process that destroyed communism. It ain’t the private sector – its government!

– Martin Armstrong

Also a great piece by Ambrose Evans-Pritchard also on the same subject ..Riksbank cuts rates to zero & mulls currency war to fight deflation .. “Sweden’s central bank is having to pick its poison, choosing between deflation or an asset bubble .. The Riksbank is now fully aligned with the Yellen Fed in Washington, which argues that raising rates to stop asset bubbles merely destroys jobs for little useful purpose. Both are pitted against the Bank for International Settlements. The BIS says radical monetary stimulus may help invidual countries but only by displacing the problem onto others, leading to a ‘Pareto sub-optimal’ for the world as a whole. It warns that speculative excess is reaching pre-Lehman levels, and calls on global central banks to take pre-emptive action before the bubbles becomes unmanageable.”

LINK HERE to the source article

Disclaimer: The views or opinions expressed in this blog post may or may not be representative of the views or opinions of the Financial Repression Authority.


11/01/2014 - American-Made Financial Repression

abc_made_in_america_ll_110214_wnHong Kong-based Fung Global Institute essay gives tribute to Ronald McKinnon who died earlier this month & who is author of the 1973 bookMoney and Capital in Economic Development .. a treatise on how governments that engage in financial repression hamper financial development .. they highlight how McKinnon was working on a related concept – a dollar-renminbi standard which was being designed to help alleviate the financial repression & fragmentation undermining global financial stability & growth .. “The notion that the dollar’s global dominance is contributing to financial repression represents a significant historical shift .. Speculative inflows of ‘hot’ money have weakened China’s macroeconomic tools and fueled ever more financial repression .. The world needs its two largest economies to work together to bolster global monetary stability. Together, China and the U.S. can alleviate financial repression, avert protectionist tendencies, and help maintain a strong foundation for global stability .. It is time for U.S. leaders to recognize that what former French Finance Minister Valéry Giscard d’Estaing called the ‘exorbitant privilege’ that the dollar’s global dominance affords America also entails considerable responsibility. Global monetary stability is, after all, a public good.”

LINK HERE to the source article

Disclaimer: The views or opinions expressed in this blog post may or may not be representative of the views or opinions of the Financial Repression Authority.


10/31/2014 - “Governments that engage in Financial Repression (channeling funds toward themselves to reduce their debt) hamper financial development”

72aafe44b7d4ec1fc60dac8272ff6fff.squareA generation of development economists owe Ronald McKinnon, who died earlier this month, a huge intellectual debt for his insight – introduced in his 1973 book Money and Capital in Economic Development

“that governments that engage in financial repression (channeling funds toward themselves to reduce their debt) hamper financial development”. Indeed, McKinnon provided the key to understanding why emerging economies’ financial sectors were underdeveloped.

At the end of his life, McKinnon was working on a related – also potentially groundbreaking – concept: a dollar-renminbi standard. In his view, such a system would alleviate the Financial Fepression and fragmentation that is undermining global financial stability and growth. The question is whether the powers that be – particularly in the United States, which has long benefited from the dollar’s global domination – would ever agree to such a cooperative system.

The notion that the dollar’s global dominance is contributing to Financial Repression represents a significant historical shift. AsMcKinnon pointed out, the dollar became a dominant international currency after World War II because it helped to reduce financial repression and fragmentation in Europe and Asia, where

  • High inflation,
  • Negative real interest rates, and
  • Excessive regulation prevailed.

10-27-14-FINANCIAL_REPRESSION-Post Dotcom_Decade-420

Being Used during an Era of:

  1. Global Fiat Currencies,
  2. A Weak Global Reserve Currency,
  3. Historic Sovereign Debt Levels

LINK HERE to the source article

Disclaimer: The views or opinions expressed in this blog post may or may not be representative of the views or opinions of the Financial Repression Authority.


10/30/2014 - Markets Distorted by Rumsfeld-Knowns and Rumsfeld-Unknowns Financial Repression for the Benefit of the Government & Their Bank Partners is Winning

rumsfeld“The behavior of financial markets these days is frankly divorced from reality, with value-investing banished .. Markets have become distorted by Rumsfeld-knowns such as interest rate policy and ‘market guidance’, and Rumsfeld-unknowns such as undeclared market intervention by the authorities. On top of these distortions there is remote investing by computers programmed with algorithms and high-frequency traders, unable to make human value-assessments .. The reality is that there is intervention across a range of markets; but most of the mispricing is in the hands of private, not government investors .. We can fret about who is actually responsible for market distortions, instead we should ask who benefits:
Governments: in the past they have covered their debts through a process dubbed financial repression, when artificially low interest rates and bond yields were the principal mechanism whereby wealth is transferred from savers to the government. This process still goes on today.
Zero interest rate policy: lays the process bare, and turns savers into borrowers.
Investment and hedge funds: invest together with the banks which take our deposits & speculate on our behalf. They think that with a Yellen or Draghi ‘put’ underwriting markets a ten-year government bond with a two per cent yield is an attractive investment. In doing so they are transferring financial resources to governments in a variation on old-fashioned financial repression.”

– Alasdair Macleod

LINK HERE to the source article

Disclaimer: The views or opinions expressed in this blog post may or may not be representative of the views or opinions of the Financial Repression Authority.


10/26/2014 - China’s Skewed Growth Has Caused Massive Pollution, Industrial Overcapacity, and Financial Repression

Project Syndicate essay explores the imbalanced economic growth model in China, skewed towards exports rather than domestic consumption, how this is causing low consumption, large external surpluses, industrial overcapacity, environmental degradation, government interventions like capital controls or financial repression .. “The bias toward manufacturing and export industries leads to a severe misallocation of capital. Less efficient industrial sectors have accumulated significant excess capacity, destabilizing the entire economy, while more productive, efficient sectors lack access to the resources they need. Restructuring the economy is perhaps the most urgent – and most difficult – challenge facing China’s leaders today. Given that the current distortions are interlinked, they may need to be addressed simultaneously. China’s gradualist approach may no longer work.”

LINK HERE to the source article

Disclaimer: The views or opinions expressed in this blog post may or may not be representative of the views or opinions of the Financial Repression Authority.


10/25/2014 - Financial Repression Forces Investors to Do Things They Wouldn’t Naturally Do

Like Buy US Treasuries at a Minimal Rate from a Country with Exploding Debt & Reduced Abilities to Pay

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This happens when the Fed Manipulates a Market Bubble thereby Reducing Stock Yields because of higher stock Prices – Then removes liquidity (TAPER) which triggers a flight to PERCEIVED SAFETY.

PRESTO – US Debt gets cheaper due to FEAR

NOW YOU UNDERSTAND FINANCIAL REPRESSION AS YOU HOLD PAPER THAT IS UNPAYBALE AND INEXTINQUISABLE, YIELDING LESS THAN INFLATION!!!!

What is the Real Risk in

US Treasuries?

Who WILL BE Left Holding the Bag?

10-23-14-FINANCIAL_REPRESSION-US_Bonds 10-23-14-FINANCIAL_REPRESSION-US_Debt

Disclaimer: The views or opinions expressed in this blog post may or may not be representative of the views or opinions of the Financial Repression Authority.


10/25/2014 - Grant Williams Talks Financial Repression

Special Guest: Grant Williams

 

Grant suggests that the dictionary defines repression as essentially about trying to repress true feelings. Financial Repression is the government’s attempt to steer behavior away from true investments and into those that assist the government to pay down its debts.

“The result is essentially outright theft by borrowers from savers. The pool of savings on earth is the last really untapped pool of capital that government has to go after”.

According to Grant the explosion in credit through removal from the Gold Standard, financial engineering and keeping interest rates low has left a differential between Credit Growth and GDP that has forced governments with no choice but to adopt Financial Repression policies. By debasing their currency and through inflation government create the most insidious type of wealth transfer that most people just don’t understand.

Disclaimer: The views or opinions expressed in this blog post may or may not be representative of the views or opinions of the Financial Repression Authority.


10/24/2014 - Financial Repression Robs Private Risk Taking & Investment

The Stampede is only beginning, as government grows in size and use of regulations to direct money to support increasing government needs.

10-22-14-FINANCIAL_REPRESSION-Hedge_Fund_Regulatory_Assets-2-420

IN THE LAND OF THE FREE

Collectivism Leads to Dependency which Leads to Servitude

10-22-14-FINANCIAL_REPRESSION-Dependency-420

Disclaimer: The views or opinions expressed in this blog post may or may not be representative of the views or opinions of the Financial Repression Authority.


10/24/2014 - Nick Barisheff Talks Financial Repression

Special Guest: Nick Barisheff – President & CEP, Bullion Management Group Inc.

 

Nick Barisheff suggests that to protect yourself from government Financial Repression policies, a diversified portfolio with a strategic allocation of 20% in precious metals is presently merited. The Precious Metals allocation should be diversified in physical holdings between gold, silver and platinum.

Nick argues that China is closer to 5000 tons of gold than the 1000-1700 currently reported by official sources. When this all becomes properly understood it will send shock waves through the system!

Barisheff believes China is acquiring physical Gold in its Sovereign Wealth Fund which doesn’t have to report it to anyone. The last time they did the Chinese Central Bank Gold Reserves went from 800 to 1600 tonnes.  They haven’t reported in five years. During this 5 years Nick argues the gold is coming from Leased Gold. There has been approximately 1500 tonnes per year in net leasing over the last 10 years.

Disclaimer: The views or opinions expressed in this blog post may or may not be representative of the views or opinions of the Financial Repression Authority.


10/22/2014 - Financial Repression: Federal Reserve Fleecing Savers

fleecingIn a followup essay from his recent interview on financial repression, Chris Martenson* explains the heart of financial repression as an environment in which you cannot save money without paying a penalty .. emphasizes that central banks & governments are creating conditions of pervasive & unavoidable negative real interest rates which are causing a loss of purchasing power in savings .. “Negative real interest rates transfer money from every saver to every over-extended borrower. This is especially true with the government (largely because of its special revolving door relationship with the Fed, which both issues the money out of thin air and then buys government debt forcing rates into negative territory) .. It’s really that simple. The Fed has openly and actively suppressed rates — not to help the credit markets, as they claim, but to engineer a condition of Financial Repression. Because that’s what the government needs to stealthily take your wealth to pay down the prior debts it accumulated.” .. Martenson references the Carmen Reinhart paper we have frequently referenced also (see link below) & paraphrases the steps detailed for central banks & governments to implement:

Step 1: Governments get into trouble by borrowing too much.
Step 2: Rather than pay this down honestly via cutting spending (unpopular) or by defaulting (even more unpopular), the government conspires with the central bank to slowly liquidate the stack of obligations by forcing negative real interest rates on everyone.
Step2b: Hang on one second…it wouldn’t work if people could dodge the Financial Repression, so a ring fence has to be built out of capital controls and explicit rate caps on and across the whole spectrum of interest-bearing securities.
Step 3: Sit back and wait for everyone with savings to contribute their purchasing power to those who issued the debts.

Martenson explains how the Federal Reserve & Fed Chair Janet Yellen are implementing these steps.

LINK HERE to the source article

Disclaimer: The views or opinions expressed in this blog post may or may not be representative of the views or opinions of the Financial Repression Authority.


10/21/2014 - Governments Employing Financial Repression To Help Them Stay In Business

Martin Armstrong sees a crash in stocks as causing bonds to go higher as investors rotate into bonds from a safe-haven perspective .. this allows the government to access more money to finance its profligate spending & debt .. “A crash in stocks sends even more money into the arms of government. This inflates their position assuming they really do not have to ever worry about budgets because the crazy public will always buy .. French auctions did not go well – We are starting to see the subtle shifts in selectivity among government bonds. This the crack in the facade .. The bubble is in government bonds. We need a sharp correction in stocks to set the stage for the future. Doing so, will send more money into bonds. The more money that concentrates in government debt the higher the likelihood of the bloodbath 3Q 2015 into 2020. This will wipe out institutions from banks to pension funds like never before.”

LINK HERE to the source article

Disclaimer: The views or opinions expressed in this blog post may or may not be representative of the views or opinions of the Financial Repression Authority.


10/20/2014 - Financial Repression v 5 Natural Truths

The Macroprudential Policy of FINANCIAL REPRESSION is the embodiment of a program fighting these 5 natural truths:

10-19-14-FINANCIAL_REPRESSION-5_TRUTHS

Many “in-the-know” have warned!

10-19-14-FINANCIAL_REPRESSION-Jefferson

10-19-14-FINANCIAL_REPRESSION-charles_lindberg_on_fedres

Disclaimer: The views or opinions expressed in this blog post may or may not be representative of the views or opinions of the Financial Repression Authority.


10/19/2014 - Beware of Financial Repression

Peak Prosperity interview of Daniel Amerman on financial repression, based on his recent essay which we posted – see link below.

Great insightful article on financial repression by Daniel Amerman .. questions how the U.S. federal government can pay down its enormous debt .. sees 4 primary options that the government can take:

1) Decades of austerity with higher taxes and lower government spending.

2) Defaulting on government debts.

3) Inflating away the value of the debt through rapidly slashing the value of the currency.

4) Using “Financial Repression”, a process that is complex enough that the average voter never understands how it works, thus allowing governments to use this potent but subtle method of taking vast sums of private wealth, year after year, decade after decade, with almost no political consequences.

The essay reminds readers the 4th option is the likely approach, points out the world took this approach in the 1940s through the 1970s to pay down government debt .. “Because of the sheer size of the problem – most of the population must be made to participate, year after year. Financial Repression therefore uses an assortment of carrots and sticks to ensure that investors have little choice but to participate – on a playing field that has been rigged against them as a matter of design – even if they are among the small minority who are aware of what is being done to them.”The essay covers 4 areas of financial repression:

1) Inflation (Shearing #1)

2) Negative Real Interest Rates (Shearing #2)

3) Funding By Financial Institutions (Fence #1).

4) Capital Controls (Fence #2). 

LINK HERE to part 1
LINK HERE to part 2

 

Disclaimer: The views or opinions expressed in this blog post may or may not be representative of the views or opinions of the Financial Repression Authority.


10/18/2014 - Financial Repression Causing the Business Cycle to Fail

“Since WW2 economic theorists have posited that demand in the economy could be stimulated by a combination of deficit spending by the government and by suppressing interest rates .. The separation of demand from production was promoted by Keynes and interest rate management of the economy by monetarists, though there is considerable overlap between the two. Yet no progress in economic management has been achieved: instead we appear to be on the brink of a major economic dislocation .. Far from banishing the business cycle, it has become worse .. The final act of the business cycle is ending differently. The accumulated burden of debt has become too great for consumers and even governments themselves to bear. Financial reality is finally intervening, and consumption simply cannot grow as the Keynesians and monetarists intended. What was originally an economic problem, believed to be solvable by deficit spending and interest rate management has become a financial problem .. The truth of this statement appears to be finally dawning on bond and equity markets, with a rush into the safe haven offered by the former and an aversion to the risks in the latter, a process that having just started has a long way to go.”

– Alasdair Macleod

LINK HERE to the source article

Disclaimer: The views or opinions expressed in this blog post may or may not be representative of the views or opinions of the Financial Repression Authority.


10/17/2014 - Financial Repression Punishes Savers While Rewarding Speculators and Debtors

2014-10-02_10-34-02Scotiabank’s Guy Haselmann thinks asset prices must adjust downward to meet new economic expectations for lower growth & inflation .. the problem is this recalibration is occurring quickly in an asset environment characterized by low liquidity – it is like the financial markets will overshoot to the downside .. “the process has just begun .. the unwind process has far to go” .. on quantitative easing & very low interest rates:

“The Fed’s policy of financial repression sends the wrong signal. It punishes savers, such as pensions and retirees, while rewarding speculators and debtors. It is like giving my son ice cream after he yells at his mother and punches his brother.

If the Fed is so worried about the economy that they have to keep rates low for a very long time, then how can a corporation have enough confidence to want to begin a capital investment project? . Many Fed policies have been, or have become, counter-productive .. Fed policies and financial asset prices have recently reached their practical limits.”

LINK HERE to the source article

Disclaimer: The views or opinions expressed in this blog post may or may not be representative of the views or opinions of the Financial Repression Authority.


10/15/2014 - Financial Repression Causing Companies to Issue Cheap Debt to Buy Expensive Stock – Numerous Negative Adverse Consequences

FT essay below which makes the argument he has been making in the past few years: Given the Federal Reserve’s ultra-easy monetary policies, including near zero interest rate policy & quantitative easing (QE), companies have a tremendous incentive to issue cheap debt to buy expensive stock, diverting corporate cash from creating jobs & investment.

Forbes essay references the recent emphasis in economics & business on “shareholder value”, how this emphasis has resulted in unintended consequences, one of which is the simple share buybacks trend of recent years .. lists several results associated with this “shareholder value” creed:

Caused endemic short-termism
Generated combines of executives and shareholders
Fostered executive cronyism
Led to widespread stock price manipulation
Undermined organizations, communities and whole industries
Dispirited employees
Failed to renew human capital
Short-changed customers
Locked in obsolete management practices
Caused secular economic stagnation
Killed international competitiveness
Led to rampant income inequality
Caused an unhealthy concentration of economic power
Sparked successive economic crashes
Caused unhealthy concentration of economic power
Corrupted society itself

LINK HERE to the article

Disclaimer: The views or opinions expressed in this blog post may or may not be representative of the views or opinions of the Financial Repression Authority.


10/15/2014 - Financial Repression Regulations A Mirror Image of the Warnings in Atlas Shrugged

NEW REGULATIONS

(LOOK PAST THE BILLS’ “SPUN” TITLES)

H.R. 5278: No Federal Contracts for Corporate Deserters Act

First, take the H.R. 5278: No Federal Contracts for Corporate Deserters Act, which bars federal contracts for American companies that have gone overseas for tax purposes.

H.R. 5549: Pay What You Owe Before You Go Act

Then take the H.R. 5549: Pay What You Owe Before You Go Act, which seeks the seizure of unrepatriated corporate revenue.

 S. 1972/ H.R. 3972: Fair Employment Opportunity Act

Try the S. 1972/ H.R. 3972: Fair Employment Opportunity Act that proposed to prohibit discrimination according to a person’s history of unemployment.

S. 1837: Equal Employment for All Act

Or even worse, the S. 1837: Equal Employment for All Act that would have prohibited employers from even looking at prospective employee’s credit ratings.

 H.R. 4904: Vegetables Are Really Important Eating Tools for You (VARIETY)

The literary similarities don’t just stop with corporations either. Compare the fictional Project Soybean, designed to “recondition” people’s dietary habits to the actual H.R. 4904: Vegetables Are Really Important Eating Tools for You (VARIETY).

Tell me, which one sounds more ludicrous to you? With each new piece of legislation being proposed in the Land of the Free, Atlas Shrugged seems to be ever more prophetic.

While even the most terrifying elements of the book are coming true, so are the reactions. People and companies are leaving, refusing the put up with the looting of their efforts any longer.

Despite politicians’ desperate attempts to stop it, Atlas is already shrugging.

“John Galt is Prometheus who changed his mind. After centuries of being torn by vultures in payment for having brought to men the fire of the gods, he broke his chains—and he withdrew his fire—until the day when men withdraw their vultures.”

LINK HERE to the source article

Disclaimer: The views or opinions expressed in this blog post may or may not be representative of the views or opinions of the Financial Repression Authority.


10/14/2014 - Central Bank Financial Repression Leading to Bubble Liquidation and Industrial Deflation

imagesIn his latest essay, David Stockman* explains how after decades of financial repression, central banks have created huge distortions & imbalances in the global economy – now they are coming home to roost .. the impossibility of zero interst rate policy (ZIRP) forever on central bank money printers is beginning to be recognized .. “Long-standing financial repression and absurdly low interest rates have generated malinvestments and debt burdens that are crushing enterprise and true economic risk-taking throughout the world economy. In the DM (developed market economies), the resulting malady is consumer balance sheets that are bloated with debt; and in the EM (emerging markets) the ill takes the form of vastly bloated industrial capacity and public infrastructure. So if there were ever a case of ‘physician, heal thyself’, this is it .. There has been no escape velocity owing to Keynesian stimulus. Massive central bank liquidity injections have remained in the canyons of Wall Street and other major financial markets where they have enabled endless free money funding of speculation and carry trades, but have contributed virtually nothing to spending by debt-saturated households.”

LINK HERE to the article

Disclaimer: The views or opinions expressed in this blog post may or may not be representative of the views or opinions of the Financial Repression Authority.